Of course it does. By probably something like 24.8 miliseconds - it's not an important consideration.
More control points also mean more verts and more tris, though, and that could influence performance (a tiny bit at best, but still). All in all, though, this should be of no consequence as well.
Mike once told me, and I heard his saddened shake of the head over the audio, that he did not understand why people (he actually meant me but said "people") would want and go fiddle with these settings, because after all he made them the way they are now because he put a lot of thought and knowledge into why they should be like that. And that people (me) did not really understand what dramatic consequences and repercussions even the slightest changes of these settings might cause. So, my advice to you would be: Don't go there! You can pretty much get anything you want and need with the default settings. You may switch out textures and maps, but leave those spline settings alone, especially if you should be on your first project. Patience, grasshopper.
Special little tip: I like to draw splines with less control points in them than I will need and add some more during fine-tuning the outline. If I need an extra control point to smooth a corner or get more accurate outlines, I create it by holding the ctrl-key and right-double clicking on the nearest control point to make a new one appear. To delete surplus control points hold the shift key and right-doubleclick. Using this method is a lot faster, much safer and more economic than altering the spline settings.